Aug 11, 2012

The story I liked


Testing for gossip:
In ancient Greece, Socrates was reputed to hold knowledge in high esteem. One day an acquaintance met the great philosopher and said, “Do you know what I just heard about your friend?”
“Hold on a minute,” Socrates replied. “Before telling me anything I’d like you to pass a little test. It’s called the Triple Filter Test.”
“Triple filter?”
“That’s right,” Socrates continued. “Before you talk to me about my friend, it might be a good idea to take a moment and filter what you’re going to say. That’s why I call it the triple filter test. The first filter is Truth. Have you made absolutely sure that what you are about to tell me is true?”
“No,” the man said, “Actually I just heard about it and ...”
“All right,” said Socrates. “So you don’t really know if it’s true or not. Now let’s try the second filter, the filter of Goodness. Is what you are about to tell me about my friend something good?”
“No, on the contrary…”
“So,” Socrates continued, “you want to tell me something bad about him, but you’re not certain it’s true. You may still pass the test though, because there’s one filter left: the filter of Usefulness. Is what you want to tell me about my friend going to be useful to me?”
“No, not really …”
“Well,” concluded Socrates, “if what you want to tell me is neither true nor good nor even useful, why tell it to me at all?”

Knowledge and wisdom:
There is a difference between knowledge and wisdom.
Knowledge is knowing that a tomato is a fruit not a vegetable.
Wisdom is knowing not to include it in a fruit salad.

Aug 10, 2012

First in India

1. British Governor General of Bengal   = Warren Hastings

2. Governor General of Independent India=  Lord Mountbatten

3. Commander-in-chief of Free India = General Roy Bucher

4.Cosmonaut = Sqn. Ldr. Rakesh Sharma

5. Emperor of Mughal Dynasty in India= Babar

6. Field Marshal = S. H. F. J. Manekshaw

7. Indian Governor General of Indian Union = C. Rajagopalachari

8. Indian I.C.S. Officer = Satyendra Nath Tagore

9.Indian Member of Viceroy's Executive Council =  Sri S. P. Sinha

10.Indian to swim across English Channel = Mihir Sen

11.Indian woman to swim across-English Channel = Miss Arati Saha

12.Man to climb Mount Everest = Tenzing Norgay

13.Man to climb Mount Everest without Oxygen = Phu Dorjee

14.Man to climb Mount Everest twice = Nwang Gombu

15.Nobel Prize winner = Rabindra Nath Tagore

16.President of Indian National Congress = W. C. Banerjee

17.President of Indian Republic = Dr. Rajendra Prasad

18.Talkie Film = Alam Ara (1931)

19.Test Tube Baby (Documented) = Indira

Bhopal disaster



The Bhopal disaster (commonly referred to as Bhopal gas tragedy) was a gas leak incident in India, considered one of the world's worst industrial catastrophes. It occurred on the night of 2–3 December 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. A leak of methyl isocyanate gas and other chemicals from the plant resulted in the exposure of hundreds of thousands of people. The toxic substance made its way in and around the shantytowns located near the plant.  Estimates vary on the death toll. The official immediate death toll was 2,259 and the government of Madhya Pradesh has confirmed a total of 3,787 deaths related to the gas release. Others estimate 8,000 died within two weeks and another 8,000 or more have since died from gas-related diseases.  A government affidavit in 2006 stated the leak caused 558,125 injuries including 38,478 temporary partial and approximately 3,900 severely and permanently disabling injuries.
UCIL was the Indian subsidiary of Union Carbide Corporation (UCC), with Indian Government controlled banks and the Indian public holding a 49.1 percent stake. In 1994, the Supreme Court of India allowed UCC to sell its 50.9 percent share. Union Carbide sold UCIL, the Bhopal plant operator, to Eveready Industries India Limited in 1994. The Bhopal plant was later sold to McLeod Russel (India) Ltd. Dow Chemical Company purchased UCC in 2001.
Civil and criminal cases are pending in the United States District Court, Manhattan and the District Court of Bhopal, India, involving UCC, UCIL employees, and Warren Anderson, UCC CEO at the time of the disaster. In June 2010, seven ex-employees, including the former UCIL chairman, were convicted in Bhopal of causing death by negligence and sentenced to two years imprisonment and a fine of about $2,000 each, the maximum punishment allowed by law. An eighth former employee was also convicted, but died before the judgment was passed.

Aug 8, 2012


Past continuous
We use the past continuous to talk about past events which went on for a period of time.
We use it when we want to emphasize the continuing process of an activity or the period of that activity. (If we just want to talk about the past event as a simple fact, we use the past simple.)
  • While I was driving home, Peter was trying desperately to contact me.
  • Were you expecting any visitors?
  • Sorry, were you sleeping?
  • I was just making some coffee.
  • I was thinking about him last night.
  • In the 1990s few people were using mobile phones.
We often use it to describe a "background action" when something else happened.
  • I was walking in the street when I suddenly fell over.
  • She was talking to me on the phone and it suddenly went dead.
  • They were still waiting for the plane when I spoke to them.
  • The company was declining rapidly before he took charge.
  • We were just talking about it before you arrived.
  • I was making a presentation in front of 500 people when the microphone stopped working.
Lets see Positive, Negative, and the contracted form for the sentence- I was just     making some coffee.
  • I was making coffee.-Positive Sentence
  • I was not making coffee.- Negative Sentence
  • Was I making coffee?  - Positive Question
  • Was I not making coffee? Negative Question
  • Wasn't I making coffee? contracted negative Sentence
If we use "you" instead of "I" in the same sentence:
  • You were making coffee.- Positive Sentence
  • You were not making coffee.- Negative Sentence
  • Were you making coffee?- Positive Sentence
  • Were you not making coffee? Negative Sentence
  • Weren't you making coffee? Contracted Negative Sentence



Past simple
We use the past simple to talk about actions and states which we see as completed in the past.We can use it to talk about a specific point in time.
  • She came back last Friday.
  • I saw her in the street.
  • They didn't agree to the deal. (root verb agree with did and did not)
It can also be used to talk about a period of time.
  • She lived in Tokyo for seven years.
  • They were in London from Monday to Thursday of last week.
  • When I was living in New York, I went to all the art exhibitions I could.
You will often find the past simple used with time expressions such as these:
  • Yesterday
  • three weeks ago
  • last year
  • in 2002
  • for a long time
  • in the last century
  • in the past
 Root verb (agree) with did and did not:
       She came back last Friday - Positive Sentence
       She did not come back last Friday- Negative Sentence
       She didn't come back lat Friday- Contracted form
  
Yes/ No questions:
    Did she come back last Friday?- Positive Question
    Did she not come back last Friday?- Negative Question
    Didn't she come back last Friday?- Contracted Negative Question.

Aug 7, 2012


General knowledge

1. Who led a military campaign with 1000 men all wearing red shirts, leading to the unification of Italy?

a) Benito Mussolini
b) Oliver Cromwell
c) Giuseppe Garibaldi
d) Otto Von Bismarck


2. Who among the following American Presidents was assassinated in 1963?

a) Eisenhower 
b) John F Kennedy
c) Harry Truman
d) Roosevelt


3. Who made it to the Guinness Book of World records by delivering eight hour long non stop speech in the UN General Assembly?

a) AB Vajpayee
b) VK Krishna Menon
c) Jawaharlal Nehru
d) KPS Menon

4. Who among the following is known as the Iron Man of India?

a) Bhagat Singh
b) Sardar Vallabhai Patel
c) Lala Lajpat Rai
d) Subash Chandra Bose

5. This South American revolutionary is known as the Liberator for his efforts that put an end to the Spanish colonial rule in South America. Who is he?

a) Fidel Castro
b) Carl Marx
c) Simon Bolivar
d) Che Guevara

6. Which Soviet Union leader is associated with ‘Glasnost’ and ‘Perestroika’?

a) Mikhail Gorbachev
b) Boris Yeltsin
c) Vladimir Putin
d) Nikita Khrushchev

7. Who is the inventor of telegraphic code?

a) Alexander Graham Bell
b) Albert Einstein
c) Samuel Morse
d) JL Baird

8. Who among the following was the first woman President of the UN General Assembly?

a) Annie Besant
b) Sarojini Naidu
c) Vijaya Lakshmi Pundit
d) Sucheta Kripalani

9. Who is the first space traveler?
a) Neil Armstrong
b) Edwin Aldrin
c) Yuri Gagarin
d) Rakesh Sharma

10. Who was the first winner of Bharat Ratna?
a) Dr S Radhakrishnan
b) R Rajendra Prasad
c) C Rajagopalachari
d) BR Ambedkar

11. Who among the following was offered the President ship of Israel but refused to accept it?
a) Ariel Sharon
b) Albert Einstein
c) Bill gates
d) Kofi Annan

12. Who was the Swiss business man who founded the Red Cross?
a) Paul Harris
b) Jean Henri Dunant
c) Michael Crichten
d) George Gallop

13. Who was the first Indian woman to be crowned as ‘Miss World’?
a) Aishwarya Rai
b) Sushmita Sen
c) Rita Faria
d) Yukta Mukhi

14. Who among the following Indians has won the Nobel Prize for economics?

a) CV Raman
b) Amartya Sen
c) MS Swaninathan
d) Har Gobind Khorana

15. Who among the following Presidents of America has won the Nobel Peace Prize?

a) John F Kennedy 
b) George Washington
c) Abraham Lincoln
d) Theodore Roosevelt

Answers:


1. Giuseppe Garibaldi
2. John F Kennedy
3. VK Krishna Menon
4. Sardar Vallabhai Patel
5. Simon Bolivar
6. Mikhail Gorbachev
7. Samuel Morse
8. Vijaya Lakshmi Pundit
9. Yuri Gagarin
10. C Rajagopalachari
11. Albert Einstein
12. Jean Henri Dunant
13. Rita Faria
14. Amartya Sen
15. Theodore Roosevelt



Present simple or continuous

The Present Simple is used for:
  • regular actions or events 
    He plays tennis most weekends.
  • facts 
    The sun rises in the east.
  • facts known about the future 
    We leave at 8.30 next Monday 
  • thoughts and feelings about the time of speaking
    I don't feel very well.
  • With He, She, it we use s' form.                   
The Present Continuous is used for:
  • the time of speaking ('now')
    Shh, I'm trying to hear what they are saying .
  • things which are true at the moment but not always
    We're looking for a new flat.
  • present plans for the future
    We're having dinner with them next week .
Look at these examples :
  • I don't usually have cereals for breakfast but I'm having some this morning because there is nothing else.
  • I often cycle to work but I'm taking the car this morning because it's raining very hard.
  • I'm thinking about having my hair cut short but I don't think my husband will be very happy about it.
  • My parents live in Washington but I'm just visiting.
Note how, in all these examples, we use the present continuous to talk about events which are temporary/limited in time and the present simple to talk about events which are habits/permanent.

Present continuous

The present continuous is used to talk about present situations which we see as short-term or temporary. We use the present simple to talk about present situations which we see as long-term or permanent. 
In these examples, the action is taking place at the time of speaking.
  • It's raining.
  • Who is Kate talking to on the phone?
  • Look, somebody is trying to steal that man's wallet.
  • I'm not looking. My eyes are closed tightly.
In these examples, the action is true at the present time but we don't think it will be true in the long term.
  • I'm looking for a new apartment.
  • He's thinking about leaving his job.
  • They're considering making an appeal against the judgment.
  • Are you getting enough sleep?
In these examples, the action is at a definite point in the future and it has already been arranged.
  • I'm meeting her at 6.30.
  • They aren't arriving until Tuesday.
  • We are having a special dinner at a top restaurant for all the senior managers.
  • Isn't he coming to the dinner?



Present simple

We use the present simple to talk about actions we see as long term or permanent. It is a very common and very important tense.
Here, we are talking about regular actions or events.
  • They drive to the office every day.
  • She doesn't come here very often.
  • The news usually starts at 6.00 every evening.
  • Do you usually have bacon and eggs for breakfast?
Here, we are talking about facts.
  • We have two children.
  • Water freezes at 0° C or 32° F.
  • What does this expression mean?
  • The Thames flows through London.
Here, we are talking about future facts, usually found in a timetable or a chart.
  • Christmas Day falls on a Monday this year.
  • The plane leaves at 5.00 tomorrow morning.
  • Ramadan doesn't start for another 3 weeks.
  • Does the class begin at 10 or 11 this week?
Here, we are talking about our thoughts and feelings at the time of speaking. Although these feelings can be short-term, we use the present simple and not the present continuous.
  • They don't ever agree with us.
  • I think you are right.
  • She doesn't want you to do it.
  • Do you understand what I am trying to say.


Aug 6, 2012


                       COULD / SHOULD

Could states an option or a suggestion – other options to try.        
"I lost my wallet. What am I going to do?"                                  
"Well, you could . . . 
  1. go back to the last place you saw it.
  2. remember where you went today.
  3. search your house and car.


Should states advice, a stronger suggestion - the best option to do.
"I lost my wallet. What am I going to do?"    
You should . . .
  1. cancel your credit cards.
  2. notify the campus police.

Suggestion – a helpful idea, plan, or possibility that someone mentions.
Advice     – an opinion you give someone about what they should do.



           COULD HAVE / SHOULD HAVE


Could have states past options, suggestions, or solutions that were not taken or done.  The person states them too late to act upon.
"My computer froze and I lost the project I was working on!"
 "You could have . . .
  1. used auto-save
  2. tried the escape key
  3. used a back-up drive or site


Should have states advice about something in the past.  The person states them too late to act upon them.
"My computer froze and I lost the project I was working on!"
 "You should have . . .
  1. used auto-save
  2. tried the escape key
  3. used a back-up drive or site


Should have

We can use 'should have' to talk about past events that did not happen.
  • I should have let her know what was happening but I forgot.
  • He should have sent everybody a reminder by email.
  • They should have remembered that their guests don't eat pork.

We can also use 'should have' to speculate about events that may or may not have happened.
  • She should have got the letter this morning. I expect she'll give us a call about it later.
  • He should have arrived at his office by now. Let's try ringing him.
  • They should have all read that first email by this stage. It's time to send the next one.

We can use ' should not have'  to speculate negatively about what may or may not have happened.
  • She shouldn't have left work yet. I'll call her office.
  • He shouldn't have boarded his plane yet. We can probably still get hold of him.
  • They shouldn't have sent the report off for printing yet. There is still time to make changes.

We can also use 'should not have'  to regret past actions.
  • I shouldn't have shouted at you. I apologise.
  • We shouldn't have left the office so late. We should have anticipated this bad traffic.
  • They shouldn't have sacked him. He was the most creative person on their team.

Aug 5, 2012



"A single rose can be my garden... 
a single friend, my world."